Medicine, prevention, nutrition, mental health, healthy aging, health technology, health policy, and the regulation of supplements.
The World Health Organization recommends twice-daily brushing with toothpaste containing 1,000 to 1,500 parts per million fluoride. Children need only a rice-grain smear or pea-sized amount because swallowing too much at once can cause acute toxicity and repeated excess intake while teeth develop can cause fluorosis.
The American Heart Association said in December 2025 that gum disease remains associated with cardiovascular disease, but evidence has not established cause and effect. By contrast, a 2022 Cochrane review found that treating periodontitis modestly improved blood glucose control in people with diabetes.
The World Health Organization advises households to empty, clean and cover water-holding containers every week to limit dengue mosquito breeding. Rain can refill plant saucers, discarded tires and other small containers, so source reduction depends on repeated checks rather than a one-time cleanup.
